50 种常见的认知偏差

50 种常见的认知偏差中文版

1. 基本归因错误：我们根据他人的个性或基本特征来判断他人，但我们根据情况来判断自己。

2. 自私偏见：我们的失败是因情况而定的，但我们的成功是我们的责任。

3. 群体内偏爱：我们偏爱群体内的人，而不是群体外的人。

4. 跟风效应：想法、时尚和信念随着越来越多的人采用而不断增长。

5. 群体迷思：由于渴望团队一致与和谐，我们会做出非理性的决定，通常是为了尽量减少冲突。

6. 光环效应：如果你认为一个人具有积极的特质，那么这种积极的印象就会蔓延到他们的其他特质中。（这也适用于负面特征。）

7. 道德运气：积极的结果会带来更好的道德地位；由于负面结果，道德地位会变得更差。

8. 虚假共识：我们相信同意我们观点的人比实际情况多。

9. 知识的诅咒：一旦我们知道某件事，我们就假设其他人也知道它。

10. 聚光灯效应：我们高估了人们对我们的行为和外表的关注程度。

11. 可用性启发式：我们依靠在做出判断时立即想到的例子。

12. 防御性归因：作为一个暗自担心自己容易遭受严重事故的目击者，如果我们与受害者有联系，我们就会减少对受害者的责备。

13. 公正世界假说：我们倾向于相信世界是公正的；因此，我们认为不公正行为是应得的。

14. 朴素现实主义：我们相信我们观察到的是客观现实，而其他人是非理性的、无知的或有偏见的。

15. 天真的犬儒主义：我们相信我们观察到了客观现实，并且其他人的自我中心偏见比他们实际的意图/行为更高。

16. 福勒效应（又名巴纳姆效应）：我们很容易将我们的个性归因于模糊的陈述，即使它们可以适用于广泛的人。

17. 邓宁-克鲁格效应：你知道的越少，你就越自信。你知道的越多，你就越不自信。

18. 锚定：我们在做出决策时严重依赖引入的第一条信息。

19. 自动化偏见：我们依赖自动化系统，有时过于相信自动纠正实际正确的决策。

20. 谷歌效应（又名数字失忆症）：我们往往会忘记在搜索引擎中轻松查找的信息。

21. 反应：我们的做法与别人告诉我们的相反，尤其是当我们意识到个人自由受到威胁时。

22. 确认偏差：我们倾向于寻找并记住能够证实我们看法的信息。

23. 适得其反效应：反驳证据有时会产生不必要的效果，从而证实我们的信念。

24. 第三人称效应：我们相信其他人比我们自己更容易受到大众媒体消费的影响。

25. 信念偏差：我们判断一个论点的强度，不是看它对结论的支持程度，而是看这个结论在我们心目中的合理程度。

26. 可用性级联：与我们对社会接受的需求相关，集体信仰通过公开重复获得更多可信度。

27. 衰落主义：我们倾向于将过去浪漫化，并对未来持消极态度，认为社会/机构总体上正在衰落。

28. 现状偏见：我们倾向于希望事情保持不变；相对于基线的变化被视为损失。

29. 沉没成本谬误（又名承诺升级）：即使我们面临负面结果，我们也会在那些让我们付出代价的事情上投入更多，而不是改变我们的投资。

30. 赌徒谬误：我们认为未来的可能性受到过去事件的影响。

31. 零风险偏差：我们更愿意将小风险降低到零，即使我们可以通过另一种选择整体降低更多风险。

32. 框架效应：我们经常从相同的信息中得出不同的结论，具体取决于它的呈现方式。

33. 刻板印象：我们普遍相信一个群体的成员将具有某些特征，尽管没有关于个人的信息。

34. 外群体同质性偏见：我们认为外群体成员是同质的，而我们自己的内群体成员则更加多样化。

35. 权威偏见：我们信任权威人物的观点，也更容易受到其影响。

36. 安慰剂效应：如果我们相信某种治疗有效，它通常会产生很小的生理效应。

37. 幸存者偏差：我们倾向于关注那些在过程中幸存下来的事情，而忽视那些失败的事情。

38. 精神过速：我们对时间的感知取决于创伤、吸毒和体力消耗。

39. 琐碎法则（又名“自行车脱落”）：我们对琐碎问题给予不成比例的重视，同时往往避免更复杂的问题。

40. 蔡加尼克效应：我们对未完成的任务的记忆多于已完成的任务。

41. 宜家效应：我们对自己部分创造的事物给予更高的价值。

42. 本·富兰克林效应：我们喜欢帮忙；如果我们已经帮过某人一个忙，那么我们更有可能再帮别人一个忙，而不是接受过那个人的帮忙。

43. 旁观者效应：周围的人越多，我们帮助受害者的可能性就越小。

44. 暗示性：我们，尤其是孩子，有时会将提问者提出的想法误认为是记忆。

45. 错误记忆：我们将想象误认为是真实记忆。

46. 密码记忆症：我们将真实的记忆误认为是想象。

47. 聚类错觉：我们在随机数据中发现模式和“聚类”。

48. 悲观偏见：我们有时会高估不良结果的可能性。

49. 乐观偏见：我们有时对好的结果过于乐观。

50. 盲点偏见：我们不认为自己有偏见，而且我们更多地看到别人而不是我们自己。

50 种常见的认知偏差英文原版

1. Fundamental Attribution Error: We judge others on their personality or fundamental character, but we judge ourselves on the situation.

2. Self-Serving Bias: Our failures are situational, but our successes are our responsibility.

3. In-Group Favoritism: We favor people who are in our in-group as opposed to an out-group.

4. Bandwagon Effect: Ideas, fads, and beliefs grow as more people adopt them.

5. Groupthink: Due to a desire for conformity and harmony in the group, we make irrational decisions, often to minimize conflict.

6. Halo Effect: If you see a person as having a positive trait, that positive impression will spill over into their other traits. (This also works for negative traits.)

7. Moral Luck: Better moral standing happens due to a positive outcome; worse moral standing happens due to a negative outcome.

8. False Consensus: We believe more people agree with us than is actually the case.

9. Curse of Knowledge: Once we know something, we assume everyone else knows it, too.

10. Spotlight Effect: We overestimate how much people are paying attention to our behavior and appearance.

11. Availability Heuristic: We rely on immediate examples that come to mind while making judgments.

12. Defensive Attribution: As a witness who secretly fears being vulnerable to a serious mishap, we will blame the victim less if we relate to the victim.

13. Just-World Hypothesis: We tend to believe the world is just; therefore, we assume acts of injustice are deserved.

14. Naïve Realism: We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people are irrational, uninformed, or biased.

15. Naïve Cynicism: We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people have a higher egocentric bias than they actually do in their intentions/actions.

16. Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect): We easily attribute our personalities to vague statements, even if they can apply to a wide range of people.

17. Dunning-Kruger Effect: The less you know, the more confident you are. The more you know, the less confident you are.

18. Anchoring: We rely heavily on the first piece of information introduced when making decisions.

19. Automation Bias: We rely on automated systems, sometimes trusting too much in the automated correction of actually correct decisions.

20. Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia): We tend to forget information that’s easily looked up in search engines.

21. Reactance: We do the opposite of what we’re told, especially when we perceive threats to personal freedoms.

22. Confirmation Bias: We tend to find and remember information that confirms our perceptions.

23. Backfire Effect: Disproving evidence sometimes has the unwarranted effect of confirming our beliefs.

24. Third-Person Effect: We believe that others are more affected by mass media consumption than we ourselves are.

25. Belief Bias: We judge an argument’s strength not by how strongly it supports the conclusion but how plausible the conclusion is in our own minds.

26. Availability Cascade: Tied to our need for social acceptance, collective beliefs gain more plausibility through public repetition.

27. Declinism: We tent to romanticize the past and view the future negatively, believing that societies/institutions are by and large in decline.

28. Status Quo Bias: We tend to prefer things to stay the same; changes from the baseline are considered to be a loss.

29. Sunk Cost Fallacy (aka Escalation of Commitment): We invest more in things that have cost us something rather than altering our investments, even if we face negative outcomes.

30. Gambler’s Fallacy: We think future possibilities are affected by past events.

31. Zero-Risk Bias: We prefer to reduce small risks to zero, even if we can reduce more risk overall with another option.

32. Framing Effect: We often draw different conclusions from the same information depending on how it’s presented.

33. Stereotyping: We adopt generalized beliefs that members of a group will have certain characteristics, despite not having information about the individual.

34. Outgroup Homogeneity Bias: We perceive out-group members as homogeneous and our own in-groups as more diverse.

35. Authority Bias: We trust and are more often influenced by the opinions of authority figures.

36. Placebo Effect: If we believe a treatment will work, it often will have a small physiological effect.

37. Survivorship Bias: We tend to focus on those things that survived a process and overlook ones that failed.

38. Tachypsychia: Our perceptions of time shift depending on trauma, drug use, and physical exertion.

39. Law of Triviality (aka “Bike-Shedding”): We give disproportionate weight to trivial issues, often while avoiding more complex issues.

40. Zeigarnik Effect: We remember incomplete tasks more than completed ones.

41. IKEA Effect: We place higher value on things we partially created ourselves.

42. Ben Franklin Effect: We like doing favors; we are more likely to do another favor for someone if we’ve already done a favor for them than if we had received a favor from that person.

43. Bystander Effect: The more other people are around, the less likely we are to help a victim.

44. Suggestibility: We, especially children, sometimes mistake ideas suggested by a questioner for memories.

45. False Memory: We mistake imagination for real memories.

46. Cryptomnesia: We mistake real memories for imagination.

47. Clustering Illusion: We find patterns and “clusters” in random data.

48. Pessimism Bias: We sometimes overestimate the likelihood of bad outcomes.

49. Optimism Bias: We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes.

50. Blind Spot Bias: We don’t think we have bias, and we see it others more than ourselves.

50 种常见的认知偏差英文原版

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